**Links to**: [[World model]], [[Alfred Korzybski]], [[Borges]], [[C. S. Peirce]], [[Irrespondence]], [[Correlation]], [[Correspondence]], [[Gradient descent]], [[Abstraction]], [[Whitehead]], [[William James]], [[Hegel]], [[Abstraction]], [[Concept]], [[Analogy]], [[Reification]], [[Map-territory]], [[Model]], [[Vicious abstraction]], [[Representation]], [[Mathematics]], [[Natural Kind Properties]], [[Structure]], [[Category]], etc. # m⃣   o⃣   d⃣   e⃣   l⃣ >“The lifetime of any given model knows a fairly predictable rhythm. Initially, the new concept releases quantities of new energies, permits hosts of new perceptions and discoveries, causes a whole dimension of new problems to come into view, which result in turn in a volume of new work and research. Throughout this initial stage the model itself remains stable, for the most part serving as a medium through which a new view of the universe may be obtained and catalogued. > >In the declining years of the model’s history, a proportionately greater amount of time has to be spent in readjusting the model itself, in bringing it back into line with its object of study. Now research tends to become theoretical rather than practical, and to turn back upon its own presuppositions (the structure of the model itself), finding itself vexed by the false problems and dilemmas into which the inadequacy of the model seems increasingly to lead it.” >F. Jameson, _The Prison-House of Language_, preface, p. v. The concept of _model_ is treated in entries such as: [[World model]], [[Abstraction]], [[Fallacy of misplaced concreteness]], [[Prediction]], [[Score]] and [[Illusion]]. A few general things can be said here, very briefly, to clarify what _model_ means in the context of this research: 1) A model can be understood in the sense Jameson presents above, as an ever-evolving concept or a kind of Kuhnian paradigm of normalized, regulated understandings around a subject/within a discipline; 2) Models can be _neat_ (formalized and closed) or _scruffy_ (underdetermined and open-ended) (Roger Schank), or a mix of both (if they are a combination of model-hierarchies, in the case of _paradigms_); 1) The way in which things can be stacked, then, is something like: **principle** (axiom, rule); **model**; **theory**; **paradigm**; **ideology**/**narrative**. Each level has presuppositional + bidirectional influence on the other(s); 3) A principle (such as the [[Free energy principle]]) _can_ function as a model, but is not a model in the sense that a map is a model of a territory, or in the sense that a theory is a model for a science. A principle, as conceived by this research, functions like an axiom: a constraint which is set on modelling possibilities; 4) [[Model theory]] studies how and where objects such as the ones just mentioned, or (natural) languages, theorems, etc. can function or not as models; 5) There is more to be added here, e.g., Hilbert, Badiou, but it escapes my model now, #todo. %% Related people: [[Hilbert]], [[Alain Badiou]] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17237-w Cogliati Dezza, Irene, et al. "Learning the value of information and reward over time when solving exploration-exploitation problems." _Scientific reports_ 7.1 (2017): 16919.